Okazaki Tōmitsu: Germany, the Man’yōshū and World Literature

  • Arthur Defrance (Autor/in)

Identifier (Artikel)

Abstract

The little-known Okazaki Tōmitsu (1869–1912) left very few traces in the history of Meiji literature, although he is, by all account, the first man to ever write a history of Japanese literature in a Western language, his Geschichte der japanischen Nationallitteratur, written in German. Convinced as he was that Japanese literature was condemned to be misrepresented in books written by Westerners, he took it upon himself to elaborate what he deemed to be a fair account, which, he thought, was the necessary precondition to allow Japanese literature to take its rightful place within “world literature” (Weltliteratur). The aim of this paper is to situate Okazaki’s endeavour within the current of the 1890s literary history, especially in relation with the reappraisal of the Man’yōshū  which comes to be viewed as the first monument of a properly “national” literature. For Okazaki who dedicated his doctoral thesis, also written in German, to this anthology, it becomes the model for all posterior literature.

Statistiken

loading

Literaturhinweise

Primary sources

CHŌSEN DENKI JIGYŌ SHI HENSHŪ IINKAI 電気事業史編集委員会 (2005): Chōsen denki jigyō shi 1 [History of Electricity in Korea 1] 電気事業史 1. “Kankoku chiri fūzokushi sōsho 韓国地理風俗誌叢書“, 351. Seoul: Kyǒngin munhwasa.

FALCKENBERG, Richard (1898 [1885]): Geschichte der neueren Philosophie von Nikolaus von Kues bis zur Gegenwart. Leipzig: Verlag von Veit & Comp.

FLORENZ, Karl (1915 [1894]): Dichtergrüsse aus dem Osten: Japanische Dichtungen. Leipzig: C.F. Amelangs Verlag.

FLORENZ, Karl (1906): Geschichte der japanischen Litteratur. Leipzig: C.F. Amelangs Verlag.

HAGA, Yaichi 芳賀矢一 (1899): Kokubungaku-shi jikkō [Ten Lessons on the History of National Literature] 國文學史十講. Tōkyō: Fuzanbō.

INOUE, Tetsujirō 井上哲次郎 (1943): Kaikyū-roku [Remembrances of the Past] 懐旧録. Tōkyō: Shunjū-sha Sōhaku-kan.

KAMO, Mabuchi 賀茂真淵 (1975 [1765]): Niimanabi [New Learning] にひまなび. In: HASHIMOTO, Fumio 橋本不美男 et al. (ed.): Nihon koten bungaku zenshū Karonshū日本古典文学全集 歌論集. Tōkyō: Shōgakkan: 585–604.

MIKAMI, Sanji 三上参次, TAKATSU Kuwasaburō 高津鍬三郎 (1890): Nihon bungaku shi [History of Japanese Literature] 日本文学史, 2 vol. Tōkyō: Kinkōdō.

OKAZAKI, Tōmitsu 岡崎遠光 (1898): Das Manyōshū. Eine kritisch-ästhetische Studie. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot.

OKAZAKI, Tōmitsu 岡崎遠光 [Shimotsuke Tōmitsu 下野遠光] (1893): Nihon jogaku shi [History of Japanese Women’s Literature] 日本女學史. Tōkyō: Keigyōsha.

OKAZAKI, Tōmitsu 岡崎遠光 [Shimotsuke Tōmitsu 下野遠光] (1895): Nihon shōbunten [A Short Japanese Grammar] 日本小文典. Tōkyō: Shōeidō.

OKAZAKI, Tōmitsu 岡崎遠光 (1899a): Geschichte der japanischen Nationallitteratur. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart. Leipzig: Brockhaus.

OKAZAKI, Tōmitsu 岡崎遠光 (1899b): Keisei hyōron: Bungaku, Bijutsu, Keizai, Seiji no kansatsu [Essays to Caution the Time: observations on literature, the arts, economy and politics] 警世評論: 文学・美術・経済・政治之観察. Tōkyō: Hakubunkan.

KEIJŌ DENKI KABUSHIKI-GAISHA 京城電気株式会社 (ed.) (1929): Keijō denki kabushiki-gaisha Nijūnen enkaku-shi [Twenty years of History of Keijō-Denki Kabushiki-gaisha] 京城電気株式会社二十年沿革史. Keijō [Seoul]: Keijō-denki.

KEIJŌ DENKI KABUSHIKI-GAISHA SHOMU-KA 京城電気株式会社庶務課 (ed.) (1935): Nobiyuku Keijō denki [The Ever-Growing Keijō-Denki] 伸び行く京城電気. Keijō [Seoul]: Keijō-denki 京城電気.

SASAKI, Nobutsuna 佐佐木信綱 (ed.) (1972): Nihon kagaku taikei 日本歌学大系 8. Tōkyō: Kazama Shobō.

TAINE, Hippolyte (1866 [1863]): Histoire de la littérature anglaise. Vol. I. Paris: Hachette.

TOYAMA, Masakazu 外山正一 (1909 [1896]): “Shintaishi, oyobi Rōdoku-hō” [Poems in the New Style and the Methods for Reading Poetry Aloud] 新體詩及び朗讀法. In: TOYAMA, Masakazu: Sanzon-kō山存稿, 2. Tōkyō: Maruzen.

YAMAZAKI, Kōgorō 山崎庚午郎, OKAZAKI Tōmitsu 岡崎遠光 [Shimotsuke Tōmitsu 下野遠光] (1892): Nihon bungaku shūran [Collection of Japanese Literature] 日本文学集覧. Tōkyō: Hakubunkan.

Secondary sources

ÁROKAY, Judit (2014): “Discourse on Poetic Language in Early Modern Japan and the Awareness of Linguistic Change”. In: ÁROKAY, Judit, Jadranka GVOZDANOVIĆ, Darja MIYAJIMA (ed.): Divided Languages? Diglossia, Translation and the Rise of Modernity in Japan, China, and the Slavic World. Berlin: Springer: 89–103.

BABA, Daisuke (2020): “Analogisches Denken zur Hybridität: Karl Florenz‘ Geschichte der japanischen Litteratur im Austausch der deutschen und der japanischen Literaturforschung“. In: Neue Beiträge zur Germanistik 19(161): 119–137.

BENTLEY, John R. (2019): An Anthology of Kokugaku Scholars: 1690–1868. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

BROWNSTEIN, Michael C. (1987): “From Kokugaku to Kokubungaku: Canon Formation in the Meiji Period”. In: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 67(2): 435–460.

CHARRIER, Isabelle (1999): ”La réaction nationaliste dans les milieux artistiques: Fenollosa et Okakura Tenshin”. In: TSCHUDIN, Jean-Jacques, Claude HAMON (eds.): La Nation en marche: Etudes sur le Japon impérial de Meiji. Arles: Picquier: 163–180.

COBBING, Andrew (1998): The Japanese Discovery of Victorian Britain: Early Travel Encounters in the Far West. “Meiji Series”, 5. London: Routledge.

COMMONS, Anne (2009): Hitomaro: Poet As God. Leiden: Brill.

CONANT, Ellen P. (ed.) (2006a): Challenging Past and Present. The Metamorphosis of Nineteenth-Century Japanese Art. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.

CONANT, Ellen P. (2006b): “Japan ‘Abroad’ at the Chicago Exposition, 1893”. In: CONANT, Ellen P. (ed.): Challenging Past and Present. The Metamorphosis of Nineteenth-Century Japanese Art. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press: 254–280.

DUTHIE, Torquil (2009): “The Man’yōshū as a Pre-classic”. In: SHIRANE, Haruo (ed.): Ekkyō suru Nihon bungaku kenkyū 越境する日本文学研究. Tōkyō: Benseisha: 20–23.

DUTHIE, Torquil (2014): Manyōshū and the Imperial Imagination in Early Japan. Leiden: Brill.

FRANK, Bernard (1983): “Postface“. In: FUJISHIMA, Ryōon 藤島了穏 (1983 [1889]): Les Douze Sectes bouddhiques du Japon. Paris: Éditions Trismégiste: 161–176.

KAIGO, Tokiomi 海後宗臣, NAKA, Arata 仲新, TERASAKI, Masao 寺崎昌男 (1999): Kyōkasho de miru kingendai Nihon no kyōiku [Modern and Contemporary Japan through Textbooks] 教科書でみる近現代日本の教育. Tōkyō: Tōkyō Shoseki.

LEIBFRIED, Christina (2003): Sinologie an der Universität Leipzig: Entstehung und Wirken des Ostasiatischen Seminars 1878–1947. “Beiträge Zur Leipziger Universitäts- Und Wissenschaftsgeschichte”, 1. Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt.

LEWIN, Bruno (2001): “Mori Ōgai and German Aesthetics”. In: MARRA, Michael F. (ed.): A History of Modern Japanese Aesthetics. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press: 68–92.

LOZERAND, Emmanuel (2005): Littérature et Génie national: Naissance d’une histoire littéraire dans le Japon du XIXe siècle. “Collection Japon”. Paris: Belles Lettres.

MARRA, Michael F. (2010): “Nativist Hermeneutics: The Interpretative Strategies of Motoori Norinaga and Fujitani Mitsue”. In: MARRA, Michael F.: Essays on Japan: Between Aesthetics and Literature. Leiden: Brill: 365–416.

MARQUET, Christophe (1999): “Conscience patrimoniale et écriture de l’histoire de l’art national”. In: TSCHUDIN, Jean-Jacques, Claude HAMON (eds.): La Nation en marche: Etudes sur le Japon impérial de Meiji. Arles: Picquier: 143–162.

MARTIN-LUTHER-UNIVERSITÄT HALLE-WITTENBERG: “Catalogus Professorum Halensis Philosopher (Catalogue of Professors at the University of Halle)”: https://www.catalogus-professorum-halensis.de/ (accessed: 01.06.2021).

MITTEAU, Arthur (2013): “L’universalisme de l’esthétique chez Okakura Kakuzō (dit Tenshin) et Ernest Fenollosa: critique et actualité”. In: Ebisu 50: 95–133.

NAUMANN, Wolfram (1985): “Karl Florenz Als Literaturgeschichtsschreiber.” In: Nachrichten der Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens 137: 49–57.

NISHIDA, Naotoshi 西田直敏 (1982): “Wakan-konkō-bun no buntai-shi [Stylistic History of the Japanese-Chinese Mixed Style] 和漢混淆文の文体史”. In: MORIOKA, Kenji 森岡健二 et al. (eds.) (1982): Kōza Nihongogaku 7 Buntai-shi 1 講座日本語学 7 文体史 1. Tōkyō: Meiji-Shoin: 188–214.

OKAMOTO, Isao 岡本勲 (1982): “Genbun-itchi-tai to Meiji-futsū-buntai [The Genbun-itchi Style and Meiji Futsū-bun Style] 言文一致体と明治普通文体”. In: MORIOKA, Kenji 森岡健二 et al. (eds.) (1982): Kōza Nihongogaku 7 Buntai-shi 1 講座日本語学 7 文体史 1. Tōkyō: Meiji-Shoin: 47–72.

REISCHAUER, Edwin O. (1947): “The Izayoi Nikki (1277–1280)”. In: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 10 (3–4): 255–387.

RICHTER, Giles (1997): “Entrepreneurship and Culture: The Hakubunkan Publishing Empire in Meiji Japan”. In: HARDACRE, Helen, Adam L. KERN (eds.): New Directions in the Study of Meiji Japan. Brill: Leiden: 590–602.

SATŌ, Masako (1995): Karl Florenz in Japan: Auf den Spuren einer vergessenen Quelle der modernen japanischen Geistesgeschichte und Poetik. Hamburg: Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens e.V., MOAG, 124.

SHIBUSAWA EIICHI MEMORIAL FOUNDATION: “Shibusawa Shashi Database”: https://shashi.shibusawa.or.jp/ (accessed: 01.06.2021).

SHINADA, Yoshikazu 品田悦一 (2001): Man’yōshū no hatsumei: Kokumin kokka to bunka sōchi to shite no koten [The Invention of Man’yōshū: the Nation-State and the Classics as Cultural Device] 万葉集の発明: 国民国家と文化装置としての古典. Tōkyō: Shin'yōsha.

SHINADA, Yoshikazu 品田悦一 (2002): “Man’yōshū: the Invention of a National Poetry Anthology”. In: SUZUKI, Tomi, SHIRANE Haruo (eds.): Inventing the Classics: Modernity, National Identity, and Japanese Literature. Stanford: Stanford University Press: 31–50.

SHINADA, Yoshikazu 品田悦一 (2012): “Haijo to hōsetsu: kokugaku, kokubungaku, Haga Yaichi [Exclusion and Subsumption: National Learning, National Literature, Haga Yaichi] 排除と包摂: 国学・国文学・芳賀矢一”. In: Kokubun to kokubungaku 国語と国文学 89(6): 3–20.

SHINADA, Yoshikazu 品田悦一, SAITŌ, Mareshi 斎藤希史 (2012): Kindai Nihon no Kokugaku to Kangaku: Tōkyō daigaku Koten-kōshū-ka wo megutte [National Learning and Sinology in the Modern Era: On the Classics Training Course] 近代日本の国学と漢学: 東京大学古典講習科をめぐって. Tōkyō: UTCP.

SHINADA, Yoshikazu 品田悦一 (2018): “Man’yōshū no kindai wo sōkatsu shite posuto-Heisei ni oyobu [Summing up of the situation of Man’yōshū in the modern era until Heisei] 万葉集の近代を総括してポスト平成に及ぶ”. Nihon bungaku kenkyū Jānaru 日本文学研究ジャーナル 5: 95–107.

SHIVELY, Donald (1976): “The Japanisation of the Middle Meiji”. In: SHIVELY, Donald (ed.): Tradition and Modernization in Japanese Culture. Princeton University Press: Princeton: 77–119.

SUZUKI, Tomi (2000): “Gender and Genre: Modern Literary Histories and Women's Diary Literature”. In: SHIRANE, Haruo, Tomi SUZUKI (eds.): Inventing the Classics. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

SUZUKI, Sadami 鈴木貞美 (2006 [1998]): The Concept of “Literature” in Japan. Transl. by Royall Tyler. Kyōto: International Research Center for Japanese Studies.

TUCK, Robert (2018): Idly Scribbling Rhymers. Poetry, Print, and Community in Nineteenth-Century Japan. New York: Columbia University Press.

UNIVERSITÄT LEIPZIG (2011): „Professorenkatalog der Universität Leipzig – Catalogus professorum lipsiensium“: https://research.uni-leipzig.de/catalogus-professorum-lipsiensium/ (accessed: 01.06.2021).

VOVIN, Alexander (2012): Man’yōshū. Book 14. A New English Translation Containing the Original Text, Kana Transliteration, Romanization, Glossing, and Commentary. Folkestone/Leiden: Global Oriental/Brill.

VOVIN, Alexander (2013): Man’yōshū. Book 20. A New English Translation Containing the Original Text, Kana Transliteration, Romanization, Glossing, and Commentary. Folkestone/Leiden: Global Oriental/Brill.

Veröffentlicht
2022-03-05
Akademisches Fachgebiet und Untergebiete
Japanese Studies, japanische Literatur
Schlagworte
Okazaki Tōmitsu, Man’yōshū, history of Japanese literature