Reinforcing Trust, Evoking Nostalgia and Contrasting China: Japan’s Foreign Policy Repertoire and Identity Construction in Myanmar

Abstract

In the immediate aftermath of the military coup in Myanmar in February 2021, Western countries and the EU condemned the  coup, imposed targeted sanctions against military leaders and military-­owned companies, and redirected essential humanitarian aid to NGOs. Japan, however, chose to neither align with its democratic allies nor completely suspend its aid. Despite a long and complicated pre-war history and limited engagement after 1988, Japan-Myanmar relations experienced a resurgence between 2012 and 2021. This article contends that one key driving force in contemporary relations is identity construction. Drawing on the literature on relational identity and foreign policy repertoires, the article demonstrates how the discursive statements and embodied practices of a network of Japanese identity entrepreneurs activate, negotiate and renegotiate the identities of the Japanese Self and its Others. Through an analysis of interviews conducted with elite stakeholders in Myanmar and Japan, the article studies Japan’s constructed identity as an economic great power and post-war development pioneer, peace promoter and diplomatic mediator. It finds that Japan constructs its identity temporally in terms of nostalgia (natsukashisa) and a longing for a time when Japan was a post-war industrial powerhouse, but also spatially in terms of Japan’s legal, moral and industrial superiority over other countries involved in Myanmar’s development, in particular vis-à-vis China.